Encyclopedia article on cotton and its manufacture, covering the botany of the cotton plant, the main species and varieties (upland, sea-island, Nankeen), and growing conditions. It traces the history of cotton manufacture from Hindustan and England through the inventions of Hargreaves, Arkwright, Cartwright, Watt and Whitney, and the growth of the industry in the United States. It describes the mill processes from ginning, opening, carding and spinning to warping, slashing and weaving. It ends with statistical tables of U.S. cotton manufactures by state (Tenth Census) and the U.S. cotton crop by year, 1829-1894.