H. Ling Roth's 1916 anthropological article on primitive looms, from the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. It defines loom terms (warp, weft, shed, heddle, lease rods, warp spacer, reed) and traces the evolution of the spool and shuttle. It then describes the Ainu backstrap loom in detail from museum specimens, and surveys looms from North and South America (Slave Indian quill belt loom, Hopi, Kachiquel, Uitoto, Peruvian, Apache, and a Mazatec gauze loom). The article is illustrated with many line drawings of loom parts, tools and warp layouts, and includes a plate of the Mazatec loom.