Article by Phyllis Ackerman on the origins and organization of textile production in ancient China, drawing on archaeology, painted Pan-shan pottery, and Chinese tradition. She argues that pottery designs copy appliqué needlework and point to silk by the mid-third millennium B.C. She also discusses Shang silk fragments from An-Yang, including a dispute over whether they show twill, and Chou-period domestic production by peasant women. Footnotes with sources appear at the end.