An economic history article by S. J. Chapman on the policies of British cotton spinners' trade unions, aimed at keeping wages high. It traces the shift from apprenticeship restrictions modeled on the weavers' clubs to enforcing a fixed ratio of spinners (minders) to machinery, and discusses the position of piecers. It also covers employer countermeasures such as coupling of wheels, the doffing system, the apprenticeship system and the joining system, and the union responses, with footnotes citing parliamentary reports and union records.