Encyclopedia article on madder (Rubia tinctorum), the plant whose roots yield a major red dye. It covers the species and where they grow, cultivation, harvesting, drying and grinding of the roots, and the trade qualities of Dutch, French, Turkish, Indian and Russian madder. It also gives the history of madder in dyeing from Pliny and Dioscorides, the chemistry of its colouring matters (alizarine, purpurine, Schunck's research, artificial alizarine), and its use for Turkey-red on cotton and for purples, lilacs and pinks, with British import figures for 1875.