An early twentieth-century address by A. J. McKelway of the National Child Labor Committee on child labor in the Southern cotton mill industry. It traces the problem from Eli Whitney's cotton gin and English and New England mills to the growth of Southern manufacturing, compares state age limits and legislation, and reports on weak enforcement, illiteracy, and school attendance in the Carolinas, Georgia and Alabama. It argues that child labor is a national rather than sectional evil and appeals for reform by both North and South.