US Patent No. 77,073, granted April 21, 1868 to James Monach of Philadelphia, describes treating jute yarn by boiling it in caustic alkali, then washing it in a weak sulphuric acid solution and drying it. The treatment makes the brittle yarn tougher and more elastic, so it can substitute for or be combined with wool yarns in knitted or woven fabrics. The patent notes an earlier patent of February 4, 1868 covering jute fibres boiled in alkali of about sixty degrees Twaddell.