A 1902 paper read before the Chemical Section of the Franklin Institute on how indigo went from a plant-derived dye to a synthetic coal-tar product. It describes the natural extraction of indigo from Indigofera tinctoria via indican, then Adolph von Baeyer's twenty-year work on indigo's chemical structure. It then covers the commercial syntheses (Heumann's phenyl-glycocoll route from naphthalene) developed by Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik and others, and predicts the decline of the natural indigo industry as happened with madder and alizarin.