Article · 26 pages
Patricia Wardle's article examines the linen seamstresses (linnennaaisters) of 17th-century Holland, who worked outside any guild making and finishing household and personal linen. Drawing on orphanage records, wage and price figures, inventories, and farces by Tengnagel, Bredero, Hooft and Starter, she describes their training, working conditions, and the stitches and techniques they used, including hemstitching, punch stitch, cutwork, whitework, eyelet work and linen marking. She also discusses the bobbin lace (speldewerk) made and taught in Holland, with lace pattern names from Tengnagel's play. Thirteen figures show Dutch paintings, an engraving, samplers, handkerchiefs, sheets and a pillowcase, with extensive footnotes.