An encyclopedia article on Gossypium, the cotton plant genus, covering its botany, geographic range and cultivation limits. It reviews the ancient history of cotton in America, India, Egypt and the Persian Gulf, citing Pliny, Herodotus, Theophrastus and Arrian, and argues that mummy-cloth was linen, not cotton. It then describes the main species (G. herbaceum, arboreum, religiosum, hirsutum, Barbadense) and the American commercial types such as Nankeen, Upland and Sea-Island cotton. One page has a botanical engraving of Gossypium Barbadense.